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| Professor Kingsley Akpabio- |
The Vice-Chancellor in collaboration with Shell
Professorial Chair in Biodiversity and Climate Change, University of
Uyo recently organized a 1 Day Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and
Challenges of Climate Change in the University of Uyo.
A convocation of professors from the academia, professionals, practitioners and stakeholders from the oil and gas sector of the nation’s economy as well as the traditional institution gathered recently at the University of Uyo in response to one of the most critical issues of the millennium: The conservation of the nation’s vast and rich biodiversity in the face of increasing climate unpredictability and variability – climate change. The convener of the workshop and Shell Chair Professor on Biodiversity and Climate Change, University of Uyo – Professor Kingsley Akpabio- described Biodiversity as the sum total and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist on earth; the most essential component of nature which ensures the survival of human species and contributes to the quality of life through the provision of food, shelter, medicine and other resources to mankind.
The Professor, who is the first Shell Professorial Chair to convene a workshop on biodiversity conservation, stressed that our rich terrestrial and aquatic/marine biodiversity is threatened by unfavorable global change in climate resulting in the disappearing of animal species and the extinction of rare plants and fruits. He observed that the conservation of our biological diversity is very imperative as it is of fundamental importance to life and business performance in many industries especially in the oil and gas sector. In spite of this he noted that “High Biodiversity Value Areas (HBVAs) are allowed to be destroyed in all sorts of guises. The challenge to the industry, government and society is then how to find ways of meeting the public demand for abundant, low-cost oil and gas products and, at the same time, meet society’s expectations for social and environmental responsibility, including biodiversity conservation”, he added.
Urgent Collective Action that Transcends Regular Rhetoric
The workshop witnessed sessions of rich intellectual discourse amid exceptionally revealing, technically incisive and thought provoking presentations with abundant ‘take aways’ that invoked queries and unanimous resolve for urgent collective action that transcends the regular rhetoric, mere fanfare and non-committal approach to declarations from previous biodiversity conservation summits.
The keynote address presenter, Jonathan Ombo Amakiri, Ph.D (London), DIC, M.Sc., M.Inst.Pet., C.Biol. in his paper: Environmental Management, Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development, used the platform to ventilate some of the strong feelings he has on the issue on the burner. He decried what he described as “the circuit of talkfest and exhibition of retail information and much recycled print or web based knowledge” on biodiversity conservation without commensurate relevant positive action to actually address the mammoth challenge. “The title of the keynote address encapsulates two of the three sister conventions adopted at the Rio Earth Summit 1992: United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD). They are intrinsically linked” he averred.
Professor Amakiri stopped short of indicting the country on non-existing national agenda for effective participation in the UN conventions on biodiversity conservation and climate change which we have always been a part: “I believe a keynote address will serve a better purpose for country and the global effort if aimed at awakening and galvanizing us to a vigorous pursuit and resolve on a national agenda for effective participation in the UN conventions on biodiversity conservation and climate change to which we have always been a part.
Nigeria has always been a party to all these conventions but where are we? We are still at the elementary stage of defining ‘What is biodiversity?’ Other nations have moved on. Being a signatory to Rio and later conventions, constituting large country delegations at huge expense for conferences, summits and other international responses to climate change and threats to biological diversity have not adequately addressed the unprecedented biodiversity depletion and reckless deforestation in our country…this keynote address…will attempt a call to action.” he remarked.
Professionalism Undermined In the Ranks of Practitioners
The professor who came out of a four-year-retirement to present the keynote address poured out his heart in an address punctuated and inundated with passionate commentaries laden with palpable emotion of pain and verbal-visuals of dark-coloured scenario of frustration the nation finds itself with regards to the subject matter of the day – a high cost of dysfunction and institutional weakness. “The distractions of our dysfunctional society (that is no news to anyone of us sitting here) mostly immured by poverty and encumbered with institutional weakness, have distorted our vision and undermined professionalism. Professionals are adrift, everyone is looking for money, how to survive -that is the problem of this country. We know everything about biodiversity. We have been sent to all the conferences, all the summits, we were sent to Rio and more recently,…Paris. What has changed? When they come back, the people who represented us talk about foreign exchange and what they were able to buy from Paris. That is what our society is, such that professionalism is undermined in the ranks of practitioners who should otherwise provide decision guidance and focus on which national objectives are predicated”.
He highlighted some of the challenges responsible for our national drift and also painted a picture of opportunities missed through ineffective participation and representation. “There has been no shortage of talk-shows on threats to the environment or more specifically on global biodiversity and anthropogenic climate change. What is in short supply in most nations of Sub-Saharan Africa is getting in-step with the rest of the world to benefit from the incentives that have been generated towards the stabilization of green house gas (GHG) concentration in the global effort to combat climate change and promote biodiversity conservation”.
Continuing, the professor emphasized the consequences of the above: “The result is that to date, Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa have missed out in the midst of an abundance of opportunities for sustainable solutions to the only exception of very few cases like Cross River State in Nigeria. We have not taken advantage of the abundance of opportunities that are there with all the framework conventions and all the incentives that abound in the world to actually combat climate change and further the course of biological diversity conservation. We are a party to conventions but the distractions of our dysfunctional nation and institutionalized corruption have kept us adrift.
A solid foundation exists on which we may build, if we want”.
The academic counseled that as Nigeria gabbles for solutions to the myriad dilemma of a dysfunctional society, there is one pivotal contribution that environmental pundits (the professionals, Shell Petroleum Development Company, traditional institutions) can leverage on, a very important contribution to biodiversity conservation and climate change.
“Nigeria and most of Sub-Saharan Africa stand to benefit from an increasing array of financial instruments available to drive biodiversity conservation. Some of these are Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Carbon Finance (CF), Climate Investment Funds (CIF) – that may well be more today. Industrialized nations agreed under the conventions to support climate change activities in developing countries by providing funds, financial instruments and supports for actions on climate change to encourage biodiversity conservation”, he revealed.
Loses and Reason for Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa to Wake Up
The astute academic held everyone in rapt attention as he brought to fore astounding and mind boggling revelations on the magnitude of available financial incentives to further the course of biodiversity conservation regrettably, untapped by Nigeria, a nation reeling in the midst of abundance: “The Carbon Finance Unit of the World Bank has played a pioneering role in carbon finance development since it began the world’s first carbon finance known as the Prototype Carbon Finance (PCF) in 1999. By 2012, the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, more than US 5 billion Dollars has been channeled to developing countries through carbon finance transactions.
The World Bank board of executive directors approved the creation of Carbon Partnership Facilities (CPF) whose target size over the first five years of operation is 5 billion Euros. Over US 100 billion dollars have been channeled annually to developing countries as incentives to conservation and the combating of climate change”. This section, he said, was deliberately included to whet national appetite for action and as further proof of an abundance of opportunities that awaits those who will join the global effort.
Collaboration Among Various Stakeholders- Imperative
The chairman of the occasion and Chairman Board of Trustee, Forestry Association of Nigeria, Dr. Valentine Attah, decried the low level of participation of oil companies in related fora : “As a trustee of the forestry practice in the country (which houses 90 million of biodiversity), I was worried at the absence of oil companies at the last gathering at Port Harcourt…The last four decades have been spent on talk-shows….As noted by professor Amakiri, it is time for action,….The chair given to professor Kingsley Akpabio [by Shell] should be a chair of action”. He advised Shell to “Spend more money on the field, reforestation; building the capacity and capability of professionals”. He applauded and at the same time advocated the re-christening and re-structuring of Forestry Departments in Nigerian universities to reflect and embrace natural environmental management.
For the public sector, Dr. Val Attah advised that forestry professionals should be placed at the helms of forestry affairs. He also called out states that went to Paris to show what they have achieved thus far “Except Ogun State who came back with financing proposals” he noted, no other state in the federation has shown effective commitment to reforestation in the aftermath of the Paris convention. He advocated effective waste management by the larger society and called on Shell Petroleum Development Company to take up the challenge of Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve in the Niger Delta and make a name for itself. “We appreciate Shell and we thank Uniuyo for playing your parts but we have to start building synergy and start on actual path that will lead us to greater tomorrow for sustainable livelihood and sustainable development”, he concluded.
National Legislation on Biodiversity Conservation Non-Existent
The Managing Director SPDC and Country Chair SEPCiN, Mr Osagie Okunbor represented by the General Manager External Relations Mr Ikpo Bello, in his goodwill message stated that Shell supports biodiversity conservation as a responsible corporate citizen with sustainable development in and in response to climate change, though Shell is not bound by any regulation or statutory law to draft biodiversity conservation.
Speaking further, the General Manager said “In recognition of the value of knowledge in combating biodiversity loss in climate change, we established a professorial chair here in the University of Uyo mainly to promote educational advancement and pursuit of academic excellence in the area of biodiversity and climate change through teaching, research and publications; to nurture quality manpower in this area of knowledge in support of the exploration and production industries; to foster a mutually beneficial relationship with the academia”.
These the MD Shell Petroleum Development Company stated are in addition to other programmes SPDC joint venture runs with Nigerian universities and other levels of education. “We hereby employ everybody present today to embrace this opportunity to network, collaborate and chat a way forward in our collective resolve to promote biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. Together we will do it better”, he appealed.
The state of our legislation was re-echoed by Shell in a paper presentation. According to the paper, in 2000 Shell made a commitment on biodiversity conservation pledging to work with others to maintain the ecosystem. “We will not explore for or develop oil and gas resources within natural world heritage sites and will publicly report on activities. We do not have any law in the country that mandates anything on biodiversity and whatever we do in this regards is a corporate social responsibility” the paper presenter averred.
Threats and Dissonant Tunes of the Biodiversity Conservation Orchestra
In the technical sessions that followed, Professor Austine Uwanekwu Ezealor from the Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, said our knowledge of the species of organisms and total value of biodiversity is still very incomplete. In his paper titled Conservation of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, he observed that “We know of about 1,744,000 organisms but it is thought that there is about 14 million out there. So we know only about 13% of all living organisms down to the species level.” ‘How do you manage the bulk you do not know?’ was the implied question.
Shell in its paper presentation identified social apathy to conservation, security, complexity and diversity of communities, conflicting interests and difficulty in the determination of the state of the protected areas because of current abuse (airports and housing estates are built inside protected areas) as major challenges to biodiversity conservation. “Sometimes you want to do a project in a community and they demand for the money you are to spend on biodiversity asking you to give the money and forget about biodiversity conservation”, the presenter bemoaned.
Professor Olayinka O. Ogunkoya of the Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, while speaking on “Global Status of Climate Change and Control” observed that the melting of the glaciers and polar ice caps has resulted in global sea level rise of more than 35 cm in the last decade and is expected to rise close to 1.22 meters by 2100. This, he observed will cause most riverine communities from Lekki lowlands to Bayelsa, Delta and part of Akwa Ibom states to be totally submerged in water,
A professor of Ecosystems Management, Federal University of Technology, Yola- Iyiola O. Tella (Ph.D.)- in his paper presentation titled Naturally Hardworking: Ecosystem-Human Partnership for Sustainable Economic and Climatic Dividends observed that Nigeria is saving about N98 trillion naira through the activities of the ecosystem: provision of food, timber and non-timber forest resources, medicine, water, fiber, raw materials, local climate regulation, erosion checks, soil stability, and pollination enhancement. “Nature is still working hard but is now struggling and needs human cooperation. For ages, nature has been rather humane in the provision of resources and services globally for man’s sake. Humans have the moral obligation to go more natural in the utilization of resources even if it is locally, for man’s sake. Investing into nature will keep humans alive”, He concluded.
Beyond Biodiversity Conservation Talk-Shop
The workshop on Biodiversity Conservation which was declared open by the chief host and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Uyo, Professor Enefiok E. Essien represented by the Deputy Vice-Chancellor Academics, Professor Enomfon Akpan, like every other convention on the same topic brought to bare yet again, a number of familiar action points:
SOURCE- AgroNigeria.
A convocation of professors from the academia, professionals, practitioners and stakeholders from the oil and gas sector of the nation’s economy as well as the traditional institution gathered recently at the University of Uyo in response to one of the most critical issues of the millennium: The conservation of the nation’s vast and rich biodiversity in the face of increasing climate unpredictability and variability – climate change. The convener of the workshop and Shell Chair Professor on Biodiversity and Climate Change, University of Uyo – Professor Kingsley Akpabio- described Biodiversity as the sum total and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist on earth; the most essential component of nature which ensures the survival of human species and contributes to the quality of life through the provision of food, shelter, medicine and other resources to mankind.
The Professor, who is the first Shell Professorial Chair to convene a workshop on biodiversity conservation, stressed that our rich terrestrial and aquatic/marine biodiversity is threatened by unfavorable global change in climate resulting in the disappearing of animal species and the extinction of rare plants and fruits. He observed that the conservation of our biological diversity is very imperative as it is of fundamental importance to life and business performance in many industries especially in the oil and gas sector. In spite of this he noted that “High Biodiversity Value Areas (HBVAs) are allowed to be destroyed in all sorts of guises. The challenge to the industry, government and society is then how to find ways of meeting the public demand for abundant, low-cost oil and gas products and, at the same time, meet society’s expectations for social and environmental responsibility, including biodiversity conservation”, he added.
Urgent Collective Action that Transcends Regular Rhetoric
The workshop witnessed sessions of rich intellectual discourse amid exceptionally revealing, technically incisive and thought provoking presentations with abundant ‘take aways’ that invoked queries and unanimous resolve for urgent collective action that transcends the regular rhetoric, mere fanfare and non-committal approach to declarations from previous biodiversity conservation summits.
The keynote address presenter, Jonathan Ombo Amakiri, Ph.D (London), DIC, M.Sc., M.Inst.Pet., C.Biol. in his paper: Environmental Management, Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development, used the platform to ventilate some of the strong feelings he has on the issue on the burner. He decried what he described as “the circuit of talkfest and exhibition of retail information and much recycled print or web based knowledge” on biodiversity conservation without commensurate relevant positive action to actually address the mammoth challenge. “The title of the keynote address encapsulates two of the three sister conventions adopted at the Rio Earth Summit 1992: United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD). They are intrinsically linked” he averred.
Professor Amakiri stopped short of indicting the country on non-existing national agenda for effective participation in the UN conventions on biodiversity conservation and climate change which we have always been a part: “I believe a keynote address will serve a better purpose for country and the global effort if aimed at awakening and galvanizing us to a vigorous pursuit and resolve on a national agenda for effective participation in the UN conventions on biodiversity conservation and climate change to which we have always been a part.
Nigeria has always been a party to all these conventions but where are we? We are still at the elementary stage of defining ‘What is biodiversity?’ Other nations have moved on. Being a signatory to Rio and later conventions, constituting large country delegations at huge expense for conferences, summits and other international responses to climate change and threats to biological diversity have not adequately addressed the unprecedented biodiversity depletion and reckless deforestation in our country…this keynote address…will attempt a call to action.” he remarked.
Professionalism Undermined In the Ranks of Practitioners
The professor who came out of a four-year-retirement to present the keynote address poured out his heart in an address punctuated and inundated with passionate commentaries laden with palpable emotion of pain and verbal-visuals of dark-coloured scenario of frustration the nation finds itself with regards to the subject matter of the day – a high cost of dysfunction and institutional weakness. “The distractions of our dysfunctional society (that is no news to anyone of us sitting here) mostly immured by poverty and encumbered with institutional weakness, have distorted our vision and undermined professionalism. Professionals are adrift, everyone is looking for money, how to survive -that is the problem of this country. We know everything about biodiversity. We have been sent to all the conferences, all the summits, we were sent to Rio and more recently,…Paris. What has changed? When they come back, the people who represented us talk about foreign exchange and what they were able to buy from Paris. That is what our society is, such that professionalism is undermined in the ranks of practitioners who should otherwise provide decision guidance and focus on which national objectives are predicated”.
He highlighted some of the challenges responsible for our national drift and also painted a picture of opportunities missed through ineffective participation and representation. “There has been no shortage of talk-shows on threats to the environment or more specifically on global biodiversity and anthropogenic climate change. What is in short supply in most nations of Sub-Saharan Africa is getting in-step with the rest of the world to benefit from the incentives that have been generated towards the stabilization of green house gas (GHG) concentration in the global effort to combat climate change and promote biodiversity conservation”.
Continuing, the professor emphasized the consequences of the above: “The result is that to date, Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa have missed out in the midst of an abundance of opportunities for sustainable solutions to the only exception of very few cases like Cross River State in Nigeria. We have not taken advantage of the abundance of opportunities that are there with all the framework conventions and all the incentives that abound in the world to actually combat climate change and further the course of biological diversity conservation. We are a party to conventions but the distractions of our dysfunctional nation and institutionalized corruption have kept us adrift.
A solid foundation exists on which we may build, if we want”.
The academic counseled that as Nigeria gabbles for solutions to the myriad dilemma of a dysfunctional society, there is one pivotal contribution that environmental pundits (the professionals, Shell Petroleum Development Company, traditional institutions) can leverage on, a very important contribution to biodiversity conservation and climate change.
“Nigeria and most of Sub-Saharan Africa stand to benefit from an increasing array of financial instruments available to drive biodiversity conservation. Some of these are Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Carbon Finance (CF), Climate Investment Funds (CIF) – that may well be more today. Industrialized nations agreed under the conventions to support climate change activities in developing countries by providing funds, financial instruments and supports for actions on climate change to encourage biodiversity conservation”, he revealed.
Loses and Reason for Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa to Wake Up
The astute academic held everyone in rapt attention as he brought to fore astounding and mind boggling revelations on the magnitude of available financial incentives to further the course of biodiversity conservation regrettably, untapped by Nigeria, a nation reeling in the midst of abundance: “The Carbon Finance Unit of the World Bank has played a pioneering role in carbon finance development since it began the world’s first carbon finance known as the Prototype Carbon Finance (PCF) in 1999. By 2012, the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, more than US 5 billion Dollars has been channeled to developing countries through carbon finance transactions.
The World Bank board of executive directors approved the creation of Carbon Partnership Facilities (CPF) whose target size over the first five years of operation is 5 billion Euros. Over US 100 billion dollars have been channeled annually to developing countries as incentives to conservation and the combating of climate change”. This section, he said, was deliberately included to whet national appetite for action and as further proof of an abundance of opportunities that awaits those who will join the global effort.
Collaboration Among Various Stakeholders- Imperative
The chairman of the occasion and Chairman Board of Trustee, Forestry Association of Nigeria, Dr. Valentine Attah, decried the low level of participation of oil companies in related fora : “As a trustee of the forestry practice in the country (which houses 90 million of biodiversity), I was worried at the absence of oil companies at the last gathering at Port Harcourt…The last four decades have been spent on talk-shows….As noted by professor Amakiri, it is time for action,….The chair given to professor Kingsley Akpabio [by Shell] should be a chair of action”. He advised Shell to “Spend more money on the field, reforestation; building the capacity and capability of professionals”. He applauded and at the same time advocated the re-christening and re-structuring of Forestry Departments in Nigerian universities to reflect and embrace natural environmental management.
For the public sector, Dr. Val Attah advised that forestry professionals should be placed at the helms of forestry affairs. He also called out states that went to Paris to show what they have achieved thus far “Except Ogun State who came back with financing proposals” he noted, no other state in the federation has shown effective commitment to reforestation in the aftermath of the Paris convention. He advocated effective waste management by the larger society and called on Shell Petroleum Development Company to take up the challenge of Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve in the Niger Delta and make a name for itself. “We appreciate Shell and we thank Uniuyo for playing your parts but we have to start building synergy and start on actual path that will lead us to greater tomorrow for sustainable livelihood and sustainable development”, he concluded.
National Legislation on Biodiversity Conservation Non-Existent
The Managing Director SPDC and Country Chair SEPCiN, Mr Osagie Okunbor represented by the General Manager External Relations Mr Ikpo Bello, in his goodwill message stated that Shell supports biodiversity conservation as a responsible corporate citizen with sustainable development in and in response to climate change, though Shell is not bound by any regulation or statutory law to draft biodiversity conservation.
Speaking further, the General Manager said “In recognition of the value of knowledge in combating biodiversity loss in climate change, we established a professorial chair here in the University of Uyo mainly to promote educational advancement and pursuit of academic excellence in the area of biodiversity and climate change through teaching, research and publications; to nurture quality manpower in this area of knowledge in support of the exploration and production industries; to foster a mutually beneficial relationship with the academia”.
These the MD Shell Petroleum Development Company stated are in addition to other programmes SPDC joint venture runs with Nigerian universities and other levels of education. “We hereby employ everybody present today to embrace this opportunity to network, collaborate and chat a way forward in our collective resolve to promote biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. Together we will do it better”, he appealed.
The state of our legislation was re-echoed by Shell in a paper presentation. According to the paper, in 2000 Shell made a commitment on biodiversity conservation pledging to work with others to maintain the ecosystem. “We will not explore for or develop oil and gas resources within natural world heritage sites and will publicly report on activities. We do not have any law in the country that mandates anything on biodiversity and whatever we do in this regards is a corporate social responsibility” the paper presenter averred.
Threats and Dissonant Tunes of the Biodiversity Conservation Orchestra
In the technical sessions that followed, Professor Austine Uwanekwu Ezealor from the Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, said our knowledge of the species of organisms and total value of biodiversity is still very incomplete. In his paper titled Conservation of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, he observed that “We know of about 1,744,000 organisms but it is thought that there is about 14 million out there. So we know only about 13% of all living organisms down to the species level.” ‘How do you manage the bulk you do not know?’ was the implied question.
Shell in its paper presentation identified social apathy to conservation, security, complexity and diversity of communities, conflicting interests and difficulty in the determination of the state of the protected areas because of current abuse (airports and housing estates are built inside protected areas) as major challenges to biodiversity conservation. “Sometimes you want to do a project in a community and they demand for the money you are to spend on biodiversity asking you to give the money and forget about biodiversity conservation”, the presenter bemoaned.
Professor Olayinka O. Ogunkoya of the Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, while speaking on “Global Status of Climate Change and Control” observed that the melting of the glaciers and polar ice caps has resulted in global sea level rise of more than 35 cm in the last decade and is expected to rise close to 1.22 meters by 2100. This, he observed will cause most riverine communities from Lekki lowlands to Bayelsa, Delta and part of Akwa Ibom states to be totally submerged in water,
A professor of Ecosystems Management, Federal University of Technology, Yola- Iyiola O. Tella (Ph.D.)- in his paper presentation titled Naturally Hardworking: Ecosystem-Human Partnership for Sustainable Economic and Climatic Dividends observed that Nigeria is saving about N98 trillion naira through the activities of the ecosystem: provision of food, timber and non-timber forest resources, medicine, water, fiber, raw materials, local climate regulation, erosion checks, soil stability, and pollination enhancement. “Nature is still working hard but is now struggling and needs human cooperation. For ages, nature has been rather humane in the provision of resources and services globally for man’s sake. Humans have the moral obligation to go more natural in the utilization of resources even if it is locally, for man’s sake. Investing into nature will keep humans alive”, He concluded.
Beyond Biodiversity Conservation Talk-Shop
The workshop on Biodiversity Conservation which was declared open by the chief host and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Uyo, Professor Enefiok E. Essien represented by the Deputy Vice-Chancellor Academics, Professor Enomfon Akpan, like every other convention on the same topic brought to bare yet again, a number of familiar action points:
- The urgent need for a national legislation on biodiversity conservation in Nigeria.
- The need for a national agenda for effective participation in the various UN conventions on biodiversity conservation and climate change to which Nigeria has always been a part.
- The need for professionalism above insular interest in the ranks of practitioners.
- The need to take advantage of increasing array of funds and financial instruments available to further the course of biodiversity conservation.
- The need for effective synergy between the various stakeholders in biodiversity conservation.
- The need for humans to go more natural in the utilization of natural resources.
- The need for the reduction in the cost of clean energy to enhance easy migration and adoption.
- The need for the creation of conservation areas.
- The need for the optimization of domestic and industrial utilization of renewable energy and renewable living natural resources.
SOURCE- AgroNigeria.
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