Ethiopia |
None has worked.
Hana's one-year-old
son was diagnosed with malnutrition in October, usually a time of
plenty in Ethiopia's mountainous Amhara region, when the main harvest
starts to come in.
The Horn of Africa
nation's worst drought in 50 years has left her destitute, reduced to
arguing with neighbours over the allocation of aid rations.
"Because of the drought, we are all poor," she said, seated in her dimly-lit hut with her child on her lap.
"No one in this village has anything to give their children. We all live on food aid."
Hana blames God for
failed rains, but development experts say her chronic poverty is the
result of traditional farming methods, a soaring population and a lack
of alternative sources of income.
Millions of farmers
and herders across Africa have been pushed into crisis by drought this
year, raising questions about the ability of aid to break the hunger
cycle, despite a resolve to do so after famine killed 260,000 people in
Somalia in 2011.
How to make people
less vulnerable to natural disasters, and improving the aid response
when they do strike, are key themes of the World Humanitarian Summit on
May 23-24 in Istanbul.
SAFETY NET
Hana receives cash and food six months a year, in exchange for environmental work, like digging ponds and planting trees.
Ethiopia's
Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), set up in 2005, helps her
through the 'lean season' between harvests, while also rehabilitating
land and building roads, health posts and schools to tackle some of the
underlying causes of poverty.
The scheme,
administered by the government and largely funded by international
donors, was set up to end the annual scramble for emergency funding to
feed hungry Ethiopians, averaging 5 million a year in the decade before
its launch.
It has made the
provision of food aid more predictable and cheaper, helping to prevent
the terrible famines that tarnished Ethiopia's international image in
the 1970s and 80s.
But it has not ended hunger.
"Ethiopia is, and
has demonstrated itself to be, very effective at response," said Laura
Hammond, who heads the development studies department at the University
of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS).
"But there's still this level of vulnerability and poverty that is persistent and that's harder to turn a corner on."
This year, one in
five Ethiopians need food aid, with 8 million receiving support from the
PSNP and another 10.2 million from a $1.4 billion humanitarian appeal.
By 2020, the
project - Africa's largest social safety net - will have cost donors
$5.7 billion, raising questions about its sustainability.
"Ultimately, there
does need to be a vision for this not being a donor-financed safety
net," Greg Collins, director of the Center for Resilience at the U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID), told the Thomson Reuters
Foundation.
"We more and more need to be investing in creating opportunities that allow those who are able to graduate from the PSNP."
Initial optimism
about a rapid shift to self-sufficiency has been replaced with an
acceptance that some Ethiopians will be dependent on aid indefinitely.
GROWTH STORY
The busy roads,
endless construction sites and new light railway snaking over Ethiopia's
capital are testament to the double-digit growth it has enjoyed for the
last decade.
This growth has led
to a dramatic drop in poverty rates, with the share of the population
living below the poverty line falling from 56 to 31 percent between 2000
and 2011, according to World Bank data.
"Ethiopia is the
darling of Africa at the moment," said Lindsey Jones, a researcher with
the London-based Overseas Development Institute. "Its economy is
expanding massively."
But deeper structural changes, like urbanisation and industrialisation, are needed to end poverty, experts say.
From the early 1990s, Ethiopia pursued an agriculture-led development strategy, under visionary strongman Meles Zenawi.
Increased use of
fertiliser, better seeds and expert advice produced sharp increases in
yields, benefiting the 92 percent of Ethiopians who, according to the
World Bank, own land.
As Ethiopia's population has doubled since the early 1990s, many people's farms are often only half a hectare.
"There is no means
to increase the landholding size," said Mitiku Kassa, head of Ethiopia's
National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Committee. "The only
option is to increase the productivity of the land by using agricultural
technologies."
Each ward has three
development agents, graduates in crop and animal sciences, who
demonstrate to villagers how to increase their yields, he said.
But farmers remain
vulnerable to poor rains, unlike workers in manufacturing and services
jobs, which have proven critical in reducing poverty in countries like
Bangladesh and Rwanda.
Ethiopia's recent
investment in the food processing, textile and flower industries is a
step towards diversifying the economy away from its heavy dependence on
farming, said SOAS's Hammond.
ACT BEFORE DROUGHT
The most popular
buzzword among aid workers after the 2011 drought across the Horn of
Africa was "resilience", which means boosting people's ability to bounce
back from shocks like a failed harvest or a death in the family.
Projects that
provide families with alternative sources of income, such as livestock,
or loans to set up small businesses, can make them less vulnerable when
disaster hits.
"What's needed is
more investment in action before droughts strike," said Michael
Mosselmans, head of humanitarian policy and practice for Christian Aid.
Every dollar spent
on preparedness saves seven dollars in disaster aftermath, the United
Nations says, but it is harder to generate enthusiasm for preventative
projects than tackling visible crises, like starving children.
At the World
Humanitarian Summit, Christian Aid is calling for 5 percent of aid to be
spent on resilience and disaster preparedness, up from the current 0.4
percent.
Ethiopia is not holding its breath.
The government's Mitiku says efforts to end hunger for women like Hana must be driven by Ethiopia itself.
"Emergencies will
continue, in my view, as long as we are living with adverse climate
change," he said, drawing comparisons with drought-hit California.
"They are not
appealing (for funds) because they have the capacity to respond. We
expect Ethiopia to have such capacity to respond by itself... when we
reach lower middle-income (status)," he said, a target it has set for
2025.
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